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25 Nov
0

Simple Pendulum

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An ideal simple pendulum consists of a heavy point mass (called bob) tied to one end of a perfectly inextensible, flexible and weightless string. In practice, we make it by tying a metallic spherical bob to a fine cotton stitching thread. When a pendulum swings through a small arc, its bob is undergoing simple harmonic motion. The force causing the bob to swing along its arc is greatest when its speed is least. The force is least when the speed of the bob is greatest.   This video explains how to carry out simple pendulum experiment and calculate the acceleration…

25 Nov
0

Melting Point of an Organic Compound

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The melting point is an important physical property of a compound. The melting point can be used to identify a substance and as an indication of its purity. A pure crystalline compound usually possesses a sharp melting point and it melts completely over a narrow range of temperature of not more that 0.5 -1 °C. The presence of even small amount of impurities usually produces a depression in the freezing points and shows a marked increase in the width of the melting point range. The melting point range of greater than 5 °C indicates that the substance is impure. For…

25 Nov
1

Detection of Nitrogen in an Organic Compound

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There are many organic compounds such as amines, amides, nitro compounds, urea etc contains nitrogen as one of the main elements. Nitrogen is covalently bonded to the organic compound. Upon fusion with sodium metal, the covalently bonded nitrogen is converted to ionic sodium cyanide, which can be extracted by boiling the fused mass with distilled water and is used for the detection of nitrogen.   This video explains how to detect the presence of nitrogen in an organic compound.  

25 Nov
0

Study of Osmosis

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Osmosis is the process in which solvent molecules moves through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until the amount of fluid is equalised on both sides of the semipermeable membrane. The fluid that passes through the semipermeable membrane is known as the solvent, while the dissolved substance in the fluid is known as the solute. A solution that is separated from another solution by a semipermeable membrane can have three osmotic states: isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. In an isotonic solution is the pressure at both sides of the membrane the same….

25 Nov
0

Verification of Archimedes’ Principle

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Archimedes principle states that: “When a body is immersed in a liquid, an upward thrust, equal to the weight of the liquid displaced, acts on it.” Thus, when a solid is fully immersed in a liquid, it loses weight which is equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. The principle applies to both floating and submerged bodies and to all fluids. It explains not only the buoyancy of ships and other vessels in water but also the rise of a balloon in the air and the apparent loss of weight of objects underwater.   This video explains how…

25 Nov
2

Separation of Components from a Mixture of Red and Blue Inks by Paper Chromatography

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Chromatography is one of the most important separation techniques extensively used to separate mixtures into their components. It was first employed by a Russian scientist Mikhail Tsvet. In the paper chromatographic technique, the mixture of substances is applied onto a Whatman filter paper strip called stationary phase. A pure solvent or a mixture of solvents is allowed to move slowly over the stationary phase. This moving phase is called mobile phase. When mobile phase is moved over the mixture on the stationary phase, the components of the mixture gets gradually separated from one another.   This video explains how to…

25 Nov
0

Boiling Point of an Organic Compound

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The boiling point of organic compounds can give important information about their physical properties and structural characteristics. Boiling point helps identify and characterise a compound. A liquid boils when its vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Vapour pressure is determined by the kinetic energy of a molecule. The boiling point of a liquid varies with the surrounding atmospheric pressure. A liquid at a higher pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at lower atmospheric pressure. The boiling point (BP) of an organic molecule is related to the molecular weight of the molecule and the…

25 Nov
0

Centrifugation

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Sometimes the solid particles in a liquid are very small and pass through a filter paper. For such particles the filtration technique cannot be used for separation. Such mixtures are separated by centrifugation. So centrifugation is the process of separation of insoluble materials from a liquid where normal filtration does not work well.   This video explains how to separate cream from milk.  

25 Nov
1

Study of Plasmolysis

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Plasmolysis is the process of shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasm of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell. Plasmolysis is one of the results of osmosis and occurs very rarely in nature, but it happens in some extreme conditions. We can induce plasmolysis in the laboratory by immersing living cell in a strong salt solution or sugar solution to lose water from the cell. Normally people use Rheo or Tradescantia plant epidermal cell for experiment because they have coloured cell sap which can be clearly visible.   This video explains how to demonstrate…

25 Nov
55

Reaction Between Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride Solution

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When barium chloride combines with sodium sulphate in the form of their aqueous solutions, a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed which is insoluble in water. The reaction also creates sodium chloride, which remains dissolved in water and so cannot be seen. Here, the products formed are entirely different from the reactants in chemical composition and chemical properties. So this reaction is a chemical change.   This video explains the chemical change occurs during the reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride.  

25 Nov
0

Sonometer

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The sonometer itself consists of a wire stretched between two supports or bridges on a wooden sounding box. The tension of the string may be varied either by a screw or by hanging weights on one end of it. The length of the vibrating wire can be changed using a small wooden support that can be moved along under the wire.   The purpose of the sounding box is to make a larger mass of air vibrate and so amplify the very small sounds produced by the vibrating string itself. If a string which is stretched between two fixed points…

25 Nov
0

Chemical Tests for Chloride

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Chlorides are salts of chlorine gas containing chloride ion. Chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine gains an electron. The most commonly known chloride salt is sodium chloride which is used to preserve food. Another important example of chloride is calcium chloride, used as a desiccant in laboratory desiccators to maintain a dry environment.   This video explains how to test the presence of chloride ion in a given salt.  

25 Nov
5

Preparation of Lassaigne’s Extract

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In order to detect the elements in organic compounds, they have to be converted into their ionic forms. This is done by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. The ionic compounds formed during the fusion are extracted in aqueous solution and can be detected by simple chemical tests. The extract is called sodium fusion extract or Lassaigne’s extract.   This video explains how to prepare Lassaigne’s extract of the given organic compound.  

25 Nov
1

Heating of Copper Sulphate

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Copper sulphate pentahydrate contain 5 moles of water per one mole of copper (II) sulphate. Its formula is written as CuSO4.5H2O and has blue colour due to water of hydration. It can be converted into anhydrous copper sulphate when heated strongly. When heated, it loses two water molecules at ~63°C followed by two more at ~109°C and the final water molecule at ~200°C and turns to white coloured anhydrous copper sulphate. This above process can be reversed. When water is added to white coloured anhydrous copper sulphate, its colour changes to blue, indicating that the blue coloured copper sulphate pentahydrate…

25 Nov
0

Detection of Albumin in Urine

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Albumin is normally found in the blood and filtered by the kidneys. When the kidneys work normal, there may be a very small amount of albumin in the urine. But when the kidneys are damaged, abnormal amounts of albumin leak into the urine. This is called albuminuria.   This video explains how to detect the presence of albumin in urine.  

25 Nov
0

Separation of Pigments from the Extract of Spinach Leaves by Paper Chromatography

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Paper chromatography is an analytical method, used to separate coloured substances, especially pigments. In paper chromatography, the sample is distributed between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase is usually a piece of high quality filter paper. The mobile phase is a developing solution that travels up the stationary phase, carrying the samples with it. When mobile phase is moved over the sample on the stationary phase, the components of the sample gets gradually separated from one another.   This video explains how to separate the pigments from the extract of spinach leaves by paper chromatography.  

25 Nov
0

Fractional Distillation

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Fractional distillation is used for the separation of a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for which the difference in boiling points is less than 25 K. The apparatus for fractional distillation is similar to that of simple distillation, except that a fractionating column is fitted in between the distillation flask and the condenser.   This video explains how to separate a mixture of ethanol and water by fractional distillation.  

25 Nov
0

Young’s Modulus

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Young’s modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a solid material. It is a mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials. It defines the relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in a material. Young’s modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young. A solid material will deform when a load is applied to it. If it returns to its original shape after the load is removed, this is called elastic deformation. In the range where the ratio between load and deformation remains constant, the stress-strain curve…

25 Nov
9

Purification of Copper Sulphate by Crystallization

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Crude copper sulfate is a mixture of copper sulfate with various impurities that may include copper carbonate, copper oxides, and other copper compounds. To crystallise copper sulphate, dissolve it in water and add a small quantity of dilute sulphuric acid to prevent the hydrolysis of copper sulphte. The impurities left behind in the solution are removed by filtration. The filtrate is concentrated to the crystallisation point and then cooled. On cooling, transparent blue crystals of copper sulphate separate. The copper sulphate crystal formed has triclinic shape.   This video explains how to prepare the crystals of pure copper sulphate form…

25 Nov
0

Characteristics of Dicot and Monocot Stem and Root

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Dicot stems have a circular arrangement of vascular tissues, whereas the stems of monocots have vascular-tissue bundles scattered throughout. In monocots the vascular bundles also tend to be toward the outside of the stem. Dicot vascular tissue forms a cylinder near the center of the stem. Monocot roots, interestingly, have their vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Dicot roots have their xylem in the center of the root and phloem outside the xylem. A carrot is an example of a dicot root.   This video explains how to prepare temporary stained glycerine mounts of transverse sections of the stem and…

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