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Atal Tinkering Labs ATL

27 Nov
0

Preparation of Organic Compounds

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Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. rea was the first organic compound to be prepared in the laboratory, which was by synthesized chance. It was prepared by Friedrich Wohler, a German chemist in the year 1828. Organic synthesis is a method of preparation of organic compounds. It is concerned with the preparation of organic compounds through organic reactions.   This video explains how to synthesize a sample of (a) Acetanilide from aniline (b) Dibenzal…

27 Nov
0

Resonance Column

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Resonance Column :- The velocity with which sound travels in any medium may be determined if the frequency and the wavelength are known. The relationship between these quantities is: v = fλ where v = velocity of sound propagation f = frequency λ = wavelength   The wavelength of the sound will be determined by making use of the resonance of an air column. The apparatus for the experiment consists of a long cylindrical tube attached to a water reservoir. The length of the water column may be changed by raising or lowering the water level while the tuning fork…

27 Nov
0

Bell Jar Experiment

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Sound is a mechanical wave that needs a material medium like air, water, steel, etc. for its propagation. We can describe a sound wave by its frequency, wavelength and velocity. The sound wave is a longitudinal wave, i.e., the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of the propagation of the wave. Sound always originates from some vibrating body. The bell jar experiment is a common experiment used to demonstrate that sound needs a medium to travel.   This video demonstrate that sound needs a material medium for its propagation.  

27 Nov
0

Verification of Newton’s Second law

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Newton’s Second Law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force. ie., F=ma. Where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the body, and a, the acceleration produced. If a body is subjected to multiple forces at the same time, then the acceleration produced is proportional to the vector sum (that is, the net force) of all the individual forces. The Second Law can also relate the net force and the momentum of the body. Therefore, Newton’s Second Law…

27 Nov
0

Viscosity

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The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.[1] For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of “thickness”; for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water. the viscosity of liquids and gases are affected by temperature but in opposite ways meaning that upon heating, the viscosity of a liquid decreases rapidly, whereas gases flow more sluggishly. There are numerous ways to measure viscosity. A more advanced design of measuring viscosity known as the Ostwald Viscometer. An Ostwald Viscometer consists of two reservoir bulbs and a capillary…

27 Nov
1

Potentiometer : Comparison of EMF

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Potentiometer is a simple device used to measure the electromotive force, potential difference across a resistor and internal resistance of a cell. It consists of a board where a tungsten or manganese wire is fitted on it. The wires have uniform cross-sectional area and of 10 m in length. The wires are joined in series by using thick copper strips. A metre scale is also attached on the wooden board. It works on the principle that the potential dropped between two points in a wire of uniform cross section is directly proportional to the distance between the points.   This…

27 Nov
0

Potentiometer : Internal Resistance of a Cell

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The electromotive force (emf) of a cell is its terminal voltage when no current is flowing through it. The terminal voltage of a cell is the potential difference between its electrodes. A voltmeter cannot be used to measure the emf of a cell because a voltmeter draws some current from the cell. To measure a cell’s emf a potentiometer is used since in a potentiometer measurement no current is flowing. It employs a null method of measuring potential difference, so that when a balance is reached and the reading is being taken, no current is drawn from the source to…

27 Nov
0

Concave Mirror Focal Length by u-v Method

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Concave Mirror Focal Length by u-v Method :- Concave mirrors have the reflecting surface that bulges inward. They are also called converging mirrors because it converges all parallel beam of light incident on it. Unlike a flat mirror, concave mirrors can form real images that are projected out in front of the mirror at the place where the light focuses. Concave mirrors can be used in satellite dishes, vehicle headlights, astronomical telescopes and many more areas. The relation between object distance u and the image v from the pole of the mirror is given by, 1/v + 1/u = 1/f…

27 Nov
0

Convex Mirror Focal length

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A convex mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflecting surface bulges towards the light source. Convex mirrors reflect light outwards; therefore they are not used to focus light. A convex mirror is also known as fish eye mirror or diverging mirror. The image formed by a convex lens is virtual and erect, since the focal point (F) and the centre of curvature (2F) are both imaginary points “inside” the mirror that cannot be reached. As a result, images formed by these mirrors cannot be projected on a screen, since the image is inside the mirror. Therefore, its focal…

27 Nov
0

Concave Lens Focal Length

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A concave lens is thinner at the center that at the edges. So the light beams passing through the lens are spread out or diverged. Therefore, the concave lens is called a diverging lens. The image formed by a concave lens is virtual and diminished. Since a concave lens will not produce a real image, a convex lens is used to measure its focal length. There are two methods to find the focal length of a concave lens: (a) Lens in Contact Method and (b) Lens out of Contact Method.   This video explains how find the focal length of…

27 Nov
0

Diode Characteristics

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Diode is a two terminal P-N junction device. P-N junction is formed by bringing a P type material in contact with N type material. Diode is unidirectional device that allows the flow of current in one direction only depending on the biasing. When P- terminal connected to positive terminal of battery and N-terminal connected to negative terminal of battery, it is said to be forward biased. In reverse biasing P- terminal is connected to negative terminal of the battery and N- terminal to positive terminal of battery.   A diode characteristic is simply a graph of the voltage applied to…

27 Nov
0

Vernier Calipers

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The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal and external distances extremely accurately. The Vernier Caliper consists of a main scale fitted with a jaw at one end. Another jaw, containing the vernier scale, moves over the main scale. When the two jaws are in contact, the zero of the main scale and the zero of the Vernier scale should coincide. If both the zeros do not coincide, there will be a positive or negative zero error.   This video explains how to find the volume of a small sphere, cylinder, beaker and a…

27 Nov
0

Transistor Characteristics

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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. There are two types of transistor characteristics: (i) Input characteristics and (ii) Output characteristics. Input characteristics have different constant values of collector voltages (VCE), and are represented by…

27 Nov
1

Effectiveness of Different Common Oils in Forming Emulsions

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Emulsions are an important class of the colloidal system. It is a liquid-liquid colloidal system in which the dispersed phase and dispersion medium are liquids. Emulsions are a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids that are normally immiscible. They have the property to scatter the light passed through them, called Tyndall effect. If the emulsion scatters all light equally, it becomes white. If the emulsion is dilute, the low wavelength light will be scattered more and it becomes bluer and if it is more concentrated, the longer wavelength light will be more scattered and emulsion becomes more yellow.  …

27 Nov
0

Boyle’s Law

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Gaseous state is a state of matter in which the substance does not have any specific shape or volume. It adopts the form and size of its container. The fundamental macroscopic properties of gases are pressure, volume, temperature and mass of the gas. The relationships among pressure, temperature and volume of a gas lead to Gas laws. According to Boyle’s Law, the pressure (P) of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (V), provided that the temperature of the gas remains constant. i.e, the volume of gas increases as the pressure decreases.   This video explains…

27 Nov
0

Chemical Equilibrium

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Chemical equilibrium is the condition which occurs when the concentration of reactants and products participating in a chemical reaction exhibit no net change over time. It is also be called a “steady state reaction.” which means ,the consumption and formation of substances has reached a balanced condition and the quantities of reactants and products have achieved a constant ratio, but they are almost never equal.   This video explains how to study the shift of equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by increasing the concentration of either of them.  

27 Nov
0

Study of Pollutants in Air

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Pollution is the addition of any substances into the natural environment that makes it harmful to humans, animals and plants. Substances that cause pollution to the environment are called pollutants. Pollutants can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Air pollution is the contamination of the air, by the introduction of particulates, smoke or harmful gases into the atmosphere. Some air pollutants are poisonous, which makes it difficult for plants, animals and humans to survive. The atmosphere in highly populated areas are very rich in dust, smoke and suspended particulate matter, all due to vehicular exhausts and industrial emission….

27 Nov
4

Kinetics Study on the Reaction between Potassium Iodate and Sodium Sulphite

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The rate of a chemical reaction may depend on the concentration of one or more reactants or it may be independent of the concentration of a given reactant. The effect of concentration of the reactant on the rate of a chemical reaction can be studied by analysing the reaction between potassium iodate and sodium sulphite in presence of starch indicator at room temperature and pressure.. In acidic medium, potassium iodate is reduced to iodide ions by sodium sulphite. Iodide ions formed are oxidized to iodine by reaction with more iodate ions. The liberated iodine reacts immediately with sulphite ions forming…

27 Nov
0

Equivalent Resistance of Resistors (Parallel)

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An electric circuit is simply a closed loop through which charges can continuously move. An electric circuit basically contains a source of electricity, a load resistance, a switch or a key for turning the circuit on or off at one’s convenience. If the starting ends of two resistors are joined to a point, and the terminal ends of the two are combined and given connection to a source of electricity, those circuits are called Parallel Circuit. Unlike in the series circuit, the current in each branch of a parallel circuit will be different. If one branch is broken, current will…

27 Nov
0

Detection of Urea in Urine

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Urea is present mainly in the urine of all mammals, but it also occurs in blood, bile and milk. Urea is naturally produced during the process of breakdown of proteins. Due to this process, amino groups are removed from the amino acid present in the proteins. These amino groups are converted to highly toxic ammonia (NH3), and the ammonia thus produced is finally converted to urea by the liver. The urea thus formed then passes to the kidneys and is finally excreted from the body through the urine.   This video explains how to detect the presence of urea in…

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