These tissues can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex, consisting of more than one cell type. Above and beyond tissues, plants also have a higher level of structure called plant tissue systems. There are three types of tissue systems: dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue systems. In plants the tissues that transport things around the plant are called xylem and phloem.
Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure& function. They are integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function and combine to form organs.Study of tissues is called Histology. In unicellular organism (Amoeba) single cell performs all basic functions, whereas in multi-cellular organisms (Plants and Animals) shows division of labor as Plant tissue & Animal tissues. Animals have four main categories of tissues: 1. epithelial tissue, 2. connective tissue, 3. muscle tissue, and 4. nervous tissue
The living world is rich in variety. Millions of plants and animals have been identified and described but a large number still remains unknown. The very range of organisms in terms of size, colour, habitat, physiological and morphological features make us seek the defining characteristics of living organisms.
The Rutherford model of the atom was simplified in a well known symbol showing electrons circling around the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. This symbol became popular and has been used by various organizations around the world as a symbol for atoms and atomic energy in general. In 1908, Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the transmutation of elements and the chemistry of radioactive material. The element ‘rutherfordium’ was named in Rutherford’s honor.
In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of. I
Organic compounds are large class of compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen as the main constituent elements. For example, sugar, fatty acids and natural rubber are organic compounds. One important class of organic compounds is acyclic compounds. They are also called open chain compounds, due to their open chain structure. Open chain compounds contain long carbon-carbon chains. Branching of such chains is possible. Consequently, more than one structure may be written for the same molecular formulae. Acyclic compounds or open chain compounds can be further classified into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Oxidation-reduction reactions (or redox) reactions, are a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. Displacement reactions is one of the type of redox reactions, also known as replacement reactions, involve compounds and the “replacing” of elements. They occur as single replacement and double replacement reactions.
A chemical equation represents the way in which reactants form to make new substances. An accurate chemical equation has the correct ratio of reactants and products called Coefficients. These are the numbers in front of the reactant or product. Two principles to remember while writing a chemical equation: 1. Every chemical compound has a formula which cannot be altered. 2. A chemical reaction must account for every atom that is used. This is an application of the Law of Conservation of Matter which states that in a chemical reaction atoms are neither created nor destroyed. To make a…
A chemical reaction is when there is a change in the molecular makeup of a material. This can happen when two substances are combined to create a new substance. Chemical reaction rates can be increased or decreased by various factors such as concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts or inhibitors. The four types of chemical reactions that can occur are synthesis, decomposition, replacement, and ionic. Chemical reactions are also chemical change. A physical change in a substance doesn’t change what the substance is. In a chemical change where there is a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed and…
Allotropes are different physical forms of the same element. All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms and therefore any physical differences must be a consequence of how the atoms are joined together – their arrangement within the bulk structure. Many elements exhibit allotropy as there are often various ways in which the atoms can be linked together into molecules and also different ways in which the molecules can be arranged to make larger structures. The two most common allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite. The crystal structure of diamond is an infinite three-dimensional array…
By the 1884 definition of Svante Arrhenius (Sweden), an acid is a material that can release a proton or hydrogen ion (H +) and base, or alkali, is a material that can donate a hydroxide ion (OH-). By the definition of both Thomas Lowry (England) and J.N. Brønsted (Denmark) working independently in 1923, an acid is a material that donates a proton and a base is a material that can accept a proton. When an acid and a base are placed together, they react to neutralize the acid and base properties, producing a salt. Basically, if you’ve got something…
Chemical combination occurs in definite proportion by weight or by volume. Based on various experiments performed by different scientists, the laws of chemical combinations were formulated. There are five laws of chemical combinations. The first four deal with combination of substances by weight and the fifth with combination of gases by volume.
In 1913 Bohr proposed his quantized shell model of the atom to explain how electrons can have stable orbits around the nucleus. The motion of the electrons in the Rutherford model was unstable because, according to classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory, any charged particle moving on a curved path emits electromagnetic radiation; thus, the electrons would lose energy and spiral into the nucleus. To remedy the stability problem, Bohr modified the Rutherford model by requiring that the electrons move in orbits of fixed size and energy. The energy of an electron depends on the size of the orbit and is…
A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs. A mixture can usually be separated back into its original components. Most natural substances are mixtures. eg:Graphite A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions. A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases. The three phases or states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid.
An element is a single type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms. Elements cannot be further divided into smaller units without using large amounts of energy. Compounds, meanwhile, can often have their bonds broken using reasonable amounts of energy, such as heat from a fire. Examples of elements : gold, copper, carbon, and oxygen. Example of compound :Table salt, i.e., sodium chloride (NaCl), a compound that is composed of elements sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl).
Atoms are the smallest particle into which an element can be divided. Atoms can join together to form molecules, which in turn form most of the objects around you. Atoms are composed of particles called protons, electrons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative electrical charge and neutrons carry no electrical charge at all. The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom, called the nucleus, and the electrons ‘orbit’ the nucleus. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least…
Another important physical property of matter is phase. The three most common phases of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Water can exist in the solid, liquid, or gas phase. Examples of phase changes include melting, freezing, condensation, evaporation, and sublimation. Melting occurs when a solid changes to a liquid. Freezing occurs when a liquid becomes a solid. Condensation involves a gas becoming a liquid. Evaporation involves a liquid becoming a gas and sublimation is the change of a solid directly to a gas. Phase changes require either the addition of heat energy (melting, evaporation, and sublimation) or subtraction…
Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. All matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases. These are called the states of matter. Matter can change from one state to another if heated or cooled. If ice (a solid) is heated it changes to water (a liquid). This change is called MELTING. If water is heated, it changes to steam (a gas). This change is called BOILING. The particles of ice, water, and steam are identical, but arranged differently.
In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, the first subatomic particle. In 1904, Thomson proposed atomic model where electrons are embedded within spherically distributed, positive charge (so-called “plum pudding” model).Both the positive charge and the mass of the atom would be more or less uniformly distributed over its size.